--- name: android-native-dev description: Android native application development and UI design guide. Covers Material Design 3, Kotlin/Compose development, project configuration, accessibility, and build troubleshooting. Read this before Android native application development. license: MIT metadata: version: "1.0.0" category: mobile sources: - Material Design 3 Guidelines (material.io) - Android Developer Documentation (developer.android.com) - Google Play Quality Guidelines - WCAG Accessibility Guidelines --- ## 1. Project Scenario Assessment Before starting development, assess the current project state: | Scenario | Characteristics | Approach | |----------|-----------------|----------| | **Empty Directory** | No files present | Full initialization required, including Gradle Wrapper | | **Has Gradle Wrapper** | `gradlew` and `gradle/wrapper/` exist | Use `./gradlew` directly for builds | | **Android Studio Project** | Complete project structure, may lack wrapper | Check wrapper, run `gradle wrapper` if needed | | **Incomplete Project** | Partial files present | Check missing files, complete configuration | **Key Principles**: - Before writing business logic, ensure `./gradlew assembleDebug` succeeds - If `gradle.properties` is missing, create it first and configure AndroidX ### 1.1 Required Files Checklist ``` MyApp/ ├── gradle.properties # Configure AndroidX and other settings ├── settings.gradle.kts ├── build.gradle.kts # Root level ├── gradle/wrapper/ │ └── gradle-wrapper.properties ├── app/ │ ├── build.gradle.kts # Module level │ └── src/main/ │ ├── AndroidManifest.xml │ ├── java/com/example/myapp/ │ │ └── MainActivity.kt │ └── res/ │ ├── values/ │ │ ├── strings.xml │ │ ├── colors.xml │ │ └── themes.xml │ └── mipmap-*/ # App icons ``` --- ## 2. Project Configuration ### 2.1 gradle.properties ```properties # Required configuration android.useAndroidX=true android.enableJetifier=true # Build optimization org.gradle.parallel=true kotlin.code.style=official # JVM memory settings (adjust based on project size) # Small projects: 2048m, Medium: 4096m, Large: 8192m+ # org.gradle.jvmargs=-Xmx4096m -Dfile.encoding=UTF-8 ``` > **Note**: If you encounter `OutOfMemoryError` during build, increase `-Xmx` value. Large projects with many dependencies may require 8GB or more. ### 2.2 Dependency Declaration Standards ```kotlin dependencies { // Use BOM to manage Compose versions implementation(platform("androidx.compose:compose-bom:2024.02.00")) implementation("androidx.compose.ui:ui") implementation("androidx.compose.material3:material3") // Activity & ViewModel implementation("androidx.activity:activity-compose:1.8.2") implementation("androidx.lifecycle:lifecycle-viewmodel-compose:2.7.0") } ``` ### 2.3 Build Variants & Product Flavors Product Flavors allow you to create different versions of your app (e.g., free/paid, dev/staging/prod). **Configuration in app/build.gradle.kts**: ```kotlin android { // Define flavor dimensions flavorDimensions += "environment" productFlavors { create("dev") { dimension = "environment" applicationIdSuffix = ".dev" versionNameSuffix = "-dev" // Different config values per flavor buildConfigField("String", "API_BASE_URL", "\"https://dev-api.example.com\"") buildConfigField("Boolean", "ENABLE_LOGGING", "true") // Different resources resValue("string", "app_name", "MyApp Dev") } create("staging") { dimension = "environment" applicationIdSuffix = ".staging" versionNameSuffix = "-staging" buildConfigField("String", "API_BASE_URL", "\"https://staging-api.example.com\"") buildConfigField("Boolean", "ENABLE_LOGGING", "true") resValue("string", "app_name", "MyApp Staging") } create("prod") { dimension = "environment" // No suffix for production buildConfigField("String", "API_BASE_URL", "\"https://api.example.com\"") buildConfigField("Boolean", "ENABLE_LOGGING", "false") resValue("string", "app_name", "MyApp") } } buildTypes { debug { isDebuggable = true isMinifyEnabled = false } release { isDebuggable = false isMinifyEnabled = true proguardFiles(getDefaultProguardFile("proguard-android-optimize.txt"), "proguard-rules.pro") } } } ``` **Build Variant Naming**: `{flavor}{BuildType}` → e.g., `devDebug`, `prodRelease` **Gradle Build Commands**: ```bash # List all available build variants ./gradlew tasks --group="build" # Build specific variant (flavor + buildType) ./gradlew assembleDevDebug # Dev flavor, Debug build ./gradlew assembleStagingDebug # Staging flavor, Debug build ./gradlew assembleProdRelease # Prod flavor, Release build # Build all variants of a specific flavor ./gradlew assembleDev # All Dev variants (debug + release) ./gradlew assembleProd # All Prod variants # Build all variants of a specific build type ./gradlew assembleDebug # All flavors, Debug build ./gradlew assembleRelease # All flavors, Release build # Install specific variant to device ./gradlew installDevDebug ./gradlew installProdRelease # Build and install in one command ./gradlew installDevDebug && adb shell am start -n com.example.myapp.dev/.MainActivity ``` **Access BuildConfig in Code**: > **Note**: Starting from AGP 8.0, `BuildConfig` is no longer generated by default. You must explicitly enable it in your `build.gradle.kts`: > ```kotlin > android { > buildFeatures { > buildConfig = true > } > } > ``` ```kotlin // Use build config values in your code val apiUrl = BuildConfig.API_BASE_URL val isLoggingEnabled = BuildConfig.ENABLE_LOGGING if (BuildConfig.DEBUG) { // Debug-only code } ``` **Flavor-Specific Source Sets**: ``` app/src/ ├── main/ # Shared code for all flavors ├── dev/ # Dev-only code and resources │ ├── java/ │ └── res/ ├── staging/ # Staging-only code and resources ├── prod/ # Prod-only code and resources ├── debug/ # Debug build type code └── release/ # Release build type code ``` **Multiple Flavor Dimensions** (e.g., environment + tier): ```kotlin android { flavorDimensions += listOf("environment", "tier") productFlavors { create("dev") { dimension = "environment" } create("prod") { dimension = "environment" } create("free") { dimension = "tier" } create("paid") { dimension = "tier" } } } // Results in: devFreeDebug, devPaidDebug, prodFreeRelease, etc. ``` --- ## 3. Kotlin Development Standards ### 3.1 Naming Conventions | Type | Convention | Example | |------|------------|---------| | Class/Interface | PascalCase | `UserRepository`, `MainActivity` | | Function/Variable | camelCase | `getUserName()`, `isLoading` | | Constant | SCREAMING_SNAKE | `MAX_RETRY_COUNT` | | Package | lowercase | `com.example.myapp` | | Composable | PascalCase | `@Composable fun UserCard()` | ### 3.2 Code Standards (Important) **Null Safety**: ```kotlin // ❌ Avoid: Non-null assertion !! (may crash) val name = user!!.name // ✅ Recommended: Safe call + default value val name = user?.name ?: "Unknown" // ✅ Recommended: let handling user?.let { processUser(it) } ``` **Exception Handling**: ```kotlin // ❌ Avoid: Random try-catch in business layer swallowing exceptions fun loadData() { try { val data = api.fetch() } catch (e: Exception) { // Swallowing exception, hard to debug } } // ✅ Recommended: Let exceptions propagate, handle at appropriate layer suspend fun loadData(): Result { return try { Result.success(api.fetch()) } catch (e: Exception) { Result.failure(e) // Wrap and return, let caller decide handling } } // ✅ Recommended: Unified handling in ViewModel viewModelScope.launch { runCatching { repository.loadData() } .onSuccess { _uiState.value = UiState.Success(it) } .onFailure { _uiState.value = UiState.Error(it.message) } } ``` ### 3.3 Threading & Coroutines (Critical) **Thread Selection Principles**: | Operation Type | Thread | Description | |----------------|--------|-------------| | UI Updates | `Dispatchers.Main` | Update View, State, LiveData | | Network Requests | `Dispatchers.IO` | HTTP calls, API requests | | File I/O | `Dispatchers.IO` | Local storage, database operations | | Compute Intensive | `Dispatchers.Default` | JSON parsing, sorting, encryption | **Correct Usage**: ```kotlin // In ViewModel viewModelScope.launch { // Default Main thread, can update UI State _uiState.value = UiState.Loading // Switch to IO thread for network request val result = withContext(Dispatchers.IO) { repository.fetchData() } // Automatically returns to Main thread, update UI _uiState.value = UiState.Success(result) } // In Repository (suspend functions should be main-safe) suspend fun fetchData(): Data = withContext(Dispatchers.IO) { api.getData() } ``` **Common Mistakes**: ```kotlin // ❌ Wrong: Updating UI on IO thread viewModelScope.launch(Dispatchers.IO) { val data = api.fetch() _uiState.value = data // Crash or warning! } // ❌ Wrong: Executing time-consuming operation on Main thread viewModelScope.launch { val data = api.fetch() // Blocking main thread! ANR } // ✅ Correct: Fetch on IO, update on Main viewModelScope.launch { val data = withContext(Dispatchers.IO) { api.fetch() } _uiState.value = data } ``` ### 3.4 Visibility Rules ```kotlin // Default is public, declare explicitly when needed class UserRepository { // public private val cache = mutableMapOf() // Visible only within class internal fun clearCache() {} // Visible only within module } // data class properties are public by default, be careful when used across modules data class User( val id: String, // public val name: String ) ``` ### 3.5 Common Syntax Pitfalls ```kotlin // ❌ Wrong: Accessing uninitialized lateinit class MyViewModel : ViewModel() { lateinit var data: String fun process() = data.length // May crash } // ✅ Correct: Use nullable or default value class MyViewModel : ViewModel() { var data: String? = null fun process() = data?.length ?: 0 } // ❌ Wrong: Using return in lambda list.forEach { item -> if (item.isEmpty()) return // Returns from outer function! } // ✅ Correct: Use return@forEach list.forEach { item -> if (item.isEmpty()) return@forEach } ``` ### 3.6 Server Response Data Class Fields Must Be Nullable ```kotlin // ❌ Wrong: Fields declared as non-null (server may not return them) data class UserResponse( val id: String = "", val name: String = "", val avatar: String = "" ) // ✅ Correct: All fields declared as nullable data class UserResponse( @SerializedName("id") val id: String? = null, @SerializedName("name") val name: String? = null, @SerializedName("avatar") val avatar: String? = null ) ``` ### 3.7 Lifecycle Resource Management ```kotlin // ❌ Wrong: Only adding Observer, not removing class MyView : View { override fun onAttachedToWindow() { super.onAttachedToWindow() activity?.lifecycle?.addObserver(this) } // Memory leak! } // ✅ Correct: Paired add and remove class MyView : View { override fun onAttachedToWindow() { super.onAttachedToWindow() activity?.lifecycle?.addObserver(this) } override fun onDetachedFromWindow() { activity?.lifecycle?.removeObserver(this) super.onDetachedFromWindow() } } ``` ### 3.8 Logging Level Usage ```kotlin import android.util.Log // Info: Key checkpoints in normal flow Log.i(TAG, "loadData: started, userId = $userId") // Warning: Abnormal but recoverable situations Log.w(TAG, "loadData: cache miss, fallback to network") // Error: Failure/error situations Log.e(TAG, "loadData failed: ${error.message}") ``` | Level | Use Case | |-------|----------| | `i` (Info) | Normal flow, method entry, key parameters | | `w` (Warning) | Recoverable exceptions, fallback handling, null returns | | `e` (Error) | Request failures, caught exceptions, unrecoverable errors | --- ## 4. Jetpack Compose Standards ### 4.1 @Composable Context Rules ```kotlin // ❌ Wrong: Calling Composable from non-Composable function fun showError(message: String) { Text(message) // Compile error! } // ✅ Correct: Mark as @Composable @Composable fun ErrorMessage(message: String) { Text(message) } // ❌ Wrong: Using suspend outside LaunchedEffect @Composable fun MyScreen() { val data = fetchData() // Error! } // ✅ Correct: Use LaunchedEffect @Composable fun MyScreen() { var data by remember { mutableStateOf(null) } LaunchedEffect(Unit) { data = fetchData() } } ``` ### 4.2 State Management ```kotlin // Basic State var count by remember { mutableStateOf(0) } // Derived State (avoid redundant computation) val isEven by remember { derivedStateOf { count % 2 == 0 } } // Persist across recomposition (e.g., scroll position) val scrollState = rememberScrollState() // State in ViewModel class MyViewModel : ViewModel() { private val _uiState = MutableStateFlow(UiState()) val uiState: StateFlow = _uiState.asStateFlow() } ``` ### 4.3 Common Compose Mistakes ```kotlin // ❌ Wrong: Creating objects in Composable (created on every recomposition) @Composable fun MyScreen() { val viewModel = MyViewModel() // Wrong! } // ✅ Correct: Use viewModel() or remember @Composable fun MyScreen(viewModel: MyViewModel = viewModel()) { // ... } ``` --- ## 5. Resources & Icons ### 5.1 App Icon Requirements Must provide multi-resolution icons: | Directory | Size | Purpose | |-----------|------|---------| | mipmap-mdpi | 48x48 | Baseline | | mipmap-hdpi | 72x72 | 1.5x | | mipmap-xhdpi | 96x96 | 2x | | mipmap-xxhdpi | 144x144 | 3x | | mipmap-xxxhdpi | 192x192 | 4x | Recommended: Use Adaptive Icon (Android 8+): ```xml ``` ### 5.2 Resource Naming Conventions | Type | Prefix | Example | |------|--------|---------| | Layout | layout_ | `layout_main.xml` | | Image | ic_, img_, bg_ | `ic_user.png` | | Color | color_ | `color_primary` | | String | - | `app_name`, `btn_submit` | ### 5.3 Avoid Android Reserved Names (Important) Variable names, resource IDs, colors, icons, and XML elements **must not** use Android reserved words or system resource names. Using reserved names causes build errors or resource conflicts. **Common Reserved Names to Avoid**: | Category | Reserved Names (Do NOT Use) | |----------|----------------------------| | Colors | `background`, `foreground`, `transparent`, `white`, `black` | | Icons/Drawables | `icon`, `logo`, `image`, `drawable` | | Views | `view`, `text`, `button`, `layout`, `container` | | Attributes | `id`, `name`, `type`, `style`, `theme`, `color` | | System | `app`, `android`, `content`, `data`, `action` | **Examples**: ```xml #FFFFFF #000000 #FFFFFF #000000 ``` ```kotlin // ❌ Wrong: Variable names conflict with system val icon = R.drawable.my_icon val background = Color.White // ✅ Correct: Use descriptive names val appIcon = R.drawable.my_icon val screenBackground = Color.White ``` ```xml ``` --- ## 6. Build Error Diagnosis & Fixes ### 6.1 Common Error Quick Reference | Error Keyword | Cause | Fix | |---------------|-------|-----| | `Unresolved reference` | Missing import or undefined | Check imports, verify dependencies | | `Type mismatch` | Type incompatibility | Check parameter types, add conversion | | `Cannot access` | Visibility issue | Check public/private/internal | | `@Composable invocations` | Composable context error | Ensure caller is also @Composable | | `Duplicate class` | Dependency conflict | Use `./gradlew dependencies` to investigate | | `AAPT: error` | Resource file error | Check XML syntax and resource references | ### 6.2 Fix Best Practices 1. **Read the complete error message first**: Locate file and line number 2. **Check recent changes**: Problems usually in latest modifications 3. **Clean Build**: `./gradlew clean assembleDebug` 4. **Check dependency versions**: Version conflicts are common causes 5. **Refresh dependencies if needed**: Clear cache and rebuild ### 6.3 Debugging Commands ```bash # Clean and build ./gradlew clean assembleDebug # View dependency tree (investigate conflicts) ./gradlew :app:dependencies # View detailed errors ./gradlew assembleDebug --stacktrace # Refresh dependencies ./gradlew --refresh-dependencies ``` --- ## 7. Material Design 3 Guidelines Review Android UI files for compliance with Material Design 3 Guidelines and Android best practices. ### Design Philosophy #### M3 Core Principles | Principle | Description | |-----------|-------------| | **Personal** | Dynamic color based on user preferences and wallpaper | | **Adaptive** | Responsive across all screen sizes and form factors | | **Expressive** | Bold colors and typography with personality | | **Accessible** | Inclusive design for all users | #### M3 Expressive (Latest) The latest evolution adds emotion-driven UX through: - Vibrant, dynamic colors - Intuitive motion physics - Adaptive components - Flexible typography - Contrasting shapes (35 new shape options) ### App Style Selection **Critical Decision**: Match visual style to app category and target audience. | App Category | Visual Style | Key Characteristics | |--------------|--------------|---------------------| | Utility/Tool | Minimalist | Clean, efficient, neutral colors | | Finance/Banking | Professional Trust | Conservative colors, security-focused | | Health/Wellness | Calm & Natural | Soft colors, organic shapes | | Kids (3-5) | Playful Simple | Bright colors, large targets (56dp+) | | Kids (6-12) | Fun & Engaging | Vibrant, gamified feedback | | Social/Entertainment | Expressive | Brand-driven, gesture-rich | | Productivity | Clean & Focused | Minimal, high contrast | | E-commerce | Conversion-focused | Clear CTAs, scannable | See [Design Style Guide](references/design-style-guide.md) for detailed style profiles. ### Quick Reference: Key Specifications #### Color Contrast Requirements | Element | Minimum Ratio | |---------|---------------| | Body text | **4.5:1** | | Large text (18sp+) | **3:1** | | UI components | **3:1** | #### Touch Targets | Type | Size | |------|------| | Minimum | 48 × 48dp | | Recommended (primary actions) | 56 × 56dp | | Kids apps | 56dp+ | | Spacing between targets | 8dp minimum | #### 8dp Grid System | Token | Value | Usage | |-------|-------|-------| | xs | 4dp | Icon padding | | sm | 8dp | Tight spacing | | md | 16dp | Default padding | | lg | 24dp | Section spacing | | xl | 32dp | Large gaps | | xxl | 48dp | Screen margins | #### Typography Scale (Summary) | Category | Sizes | |----------|-------| | Display | 57sp, 45sp, 36sp | | Headline | 32sp, 28sp, 24sp | | Title | 22sp, 16sp, 14sp | | Body | 16sp, 14sp, 12sp | | Label | 14sp, 12sp, 11sp | #### Animation Duration | Type | Duration | |------|----------| | Micro (ripples) | 50-100ms | | Short (simple) | 100-200ms | | Medium (expand/collapse) | 200-300ms | | Long (complex) | 300-500ms | #### Component Dimensions | Component | Height | Min Width | |-----------|--------|-----------| | Button | 40dp | 64dp | | FAB | 56dp | 56dp | | Text Field | 56dp | 280dp | | App Bar | 64dp | - | | Bottom Nav | 80dp | - | ### Anti-Patterns (Must Avoid) #### UI Anti-Patterns - More than 5 bottom navigation items - Multiple FABs on same screen - Touch targets smaller than 48dp - Inconsistent spacing (non-8dp multiples) - Missing dark theme support - Text on colored backgrounds without contrast check #### Performance Anti-Patterns - Startup time > 2 seconds without progress indicator - Frame rate < 60 FPS (> 16ms per frame) - Crash rate > 1.09% (Google Play threshold) - ANR rate > 0.47% (Google Play threshold) #### Accessibility Anti-Patterns - Missing contentDescription on interactive elements - Element type in labels (e.g., "Save button" instead of "Save") - Complex gestures in kids apps - Text-only buttons for non-readers ### Review Checklist - [ ] 8dp spacing grid compliance - [ ] 48dp minimum touch targets - [ ] Proper typography scale usage - [ ] Color contrast compliance (4.5:1+ for text) - [ ] Dark theme support - [ ] contentDescription on all interactive elements - [ ] Startup < 2 seconds or shows progress - [ ] Visual style matches app category ### Design References | Topic | Reference | |-------|-----------| | Colors, Typography, Spacing, Shapes | [Visual Design](references/visual-design.md) | | Animation & Transitions | [Motion System](references/motion-system.md) | | Accessibility Guidelines | [Accessibility](references/accessibility.md) | | Large Screens & Foldables | [Adaptive Screens](references/adaptive-screens.md) | | Android Vitals & Performance | [Performance & Stability](references/performance-stability.md) | | Privacy & Security | [Privacy & Security](references/privacy-security.md) | | Audio, Video, Notifications | [Functional Requirements](references/functional-requirements.md) | | App Style by Category | [Design Style Guide](references/design-style-guide.md) | --- ## 8. Testing > **Note**: Only add test dependencies when the user explicitly asks for testing. A well-tested Android app uses layered testing: fast local unit tests for logic, instrumentation tests for UI and integration, and Gradle Managed Devices to run emulators reproducibly on any machine — including CI. ### 8.1 Test Dependencies Before adding test dependencies, inspect the project's existing versions to avoid conflicts: 1. Check `gradle/libs.versions.toml` — if present, add test deps using the project's version catalog style 2. Check existing `build.gradle.kts` for already-pinned dependency versions 3. Match version families using the table below **Version Alignment Rules**: | Test Dependency | Must Align With | How to Check | |----------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------| | `kotlinx-coroutines-test` | Project's `kotlinx-coroutines-core` version | Search for `kotlinx-coroutines` in build files or version catalog | | `compose-ui-test-junit4` | Project's Compose BOM or `compose-compiler` | Search for `compose-bom` or `compose.compiler` in build files | | `espresso-*` | All Espresso artifacts must use the same version | Search for `espresso` in build files | | `androidx.test:runner`, `rules`, `ext:junit` | Should use compatible AndroidX Test versions | Search for `androidx.test` in build files | | `mockk` | Must support the project's Kotlin version | Check `kotlin` version in root `build.gradle.kts` or version catalog | **Dependencies Reference** — add only the groups you need: ```kotlin dependencies { // --- Local unit tests (src/test/) --- testImplementation("junit:junit:") // 4.13.2+ testImplementation("org.robolectric:robolectric:") // 4.16.1+ testImplementation("io.mockk:mockk:") // match Kotlin version testImplementation("org.jetbrains.kotlinx:kotlinx-coroutines-test:") // match coroutines-core testImplementation("androidx.arch.core:core-testing:") // InstantTaskExecutorRule for LiveData testImplementation("app.cash.turbine:turbine:") // Flow/StateFlow testing // --- Instrumentation tests (src/androidTest/) --- androidTestImplementation("androidx.test.ext:junit:") androidTestImplementation("androidx.test:runner:") androidTestImplementation("androidx.test:rules:") androidTestImplementation("androidx.test.espresso:espresso-core:") androidTestImplementation("androidx.test.espresso:espresso-contrib:") // RecyclerView, Drawer androidTestImplementation("androidx.test.espresso:espresso-intents:") // Intent verification androidTestImplementation("androidx.test.espresso:espresso-idling-resource:") androidTestImplementation("androidx.test.uiautomator:uiautomator:") // --- Compose UI tests (only if project uses Compose) --- androidTestImplementation("androidx.compose.ui:ui-test-junit4") // version from Compose BOM debugImplementation("androidx.compose.ui:ui-test-manifest") // required for createComposeRule } ``` > **Note**: If the project uses a Compose BOM, `ui-test-junit4` and `ui-test-manifest` don't need explicit versions — the BOM manages them. Enable Robolectric resource support in the `android` block: ```kotlin android { testOptions { unitTests.isIncludeAndroidResources = true // required for Robolectric } } ``` ### 8.2 Testing by Layer | Layer | Location | Runs On | Speed | Use For | |--------------------|--------------------|-------------------------|----------------------|--------------------------------------------------| | Unit (JUnit) | `src/test/` | JVM | ~ms | ViewModels, repos, mappers, validators | | Unit + Robolectric | `src/test/` | JVM + simulated Android | ~100ms | Code needing Context, resources, SharedPrefs | | Compose UI (local) | `src/test/` | JVM + Robolectric | ~100ms | Composable rendering & interaction | | Espresso | `src/androidTest/` | Device/Emulator | ~seconds | View-based UI flows, Intents, DB integration | | Compose UI (device)| `src/androidTest/` | Device/Emulator | ~seconds | Full Compose UI flows with real rendering | | UI Automator | `src/androidTest/` | Device/Emulator | ~seconds | System dialogs, notifications, multi-app | | Managed Device | `src/androidTest/` | Gradle-managed AVD | ~minutes (first run) | CI, matrix testing across API levels | See [Testing](references/testing.md) for detailed examples, code patterns, and Gradle Managed Device configuration. ### 8.3 Testing Commands ```bash # Local unit tests (fast, no emulator) ./gradlew test # all modules ./gradlew :app:testDebugUnitTest # app module, debug variant # Single test class ./gradlew :app:testDebugUnitTest --tests "com.example.myapp.CounterViewModelTest" # Instrumentation tests (requires device or managed device) ./gradlew connectedDebugAndroidTest # on connected device ./gradlew pixel6Api34DebugAndroidTest # on managed device # Both together ./gradlew test connectedDebugAndroidTest # Test with coverage report (JaCoCo) ./gradlew testDebugUnitTest jacocoTestReport ```

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